详细信息
文献类型:期刊文献
中文题名:旅游生态补偿:内涵探讨与科学问题
英文题名:Tourism Ecological Compensation:Connotation and Related Scientific Issues
作者:刘敏[1];刘春凤[2];胡中州[1]
第一作者:刘敏
机构:[1]北京联合大学旅游学院;[2]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所
第一机构:北京联合大学旅游学院
年份:2013
期号:2
起止页码:52-59
中文期刊名:旅游学刊
外文期刊名:Tourism Tribune
收录:CSTPCD;;国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库;社科基金资助期刊;CSSCI:【CSSCI2012_2013】;
基金:北京市属高等学校高层次人才引进与培养计划项目(CIT&TCD201304075);北京市自然科学基金(8123042)共同资助~~
语种:中文
中文关键词:旅游生态补偿;内涵;研究问题;展望
外文关键词:tourism eco-compensation; connotation; research questions; future outlook
摘要:生态/环境在旅游中的重要性逐渐被认识到。一方面,生态/环境成为旅游地重要的吸引要素,成为旅游发展的重要生态资本;另一方面,旅游活动带来的生态/环境破坏,影响生态文明建设和整体生态服务价值的增值。因此,作为生态文明建设的重要途径之一的旅游生态补偿受到了重视。文章在生态旅游研究起源分析基础上,对旅游生态补偿的4个核心科学问题进行系统分析:①旅游生态补偿的涵义(什么是旅游生态补偿);②旅游生态补偿的利益主体(补给谁,谁出钱);③旅游生态补偿的标准(补多少);④旅游生态补偿的渠道与机制(通过什么样的方式,建立怎样的资金分配方式和政策体系)。最后,文章展望旅游生态补偿的研究进行,认为需要关注3个重点问题:①从实践需求和研究现状看,目前首要解决的两个问题是判别旅游生态补偿的利益主体和建立旅游生态补偿标准的共识;②未来研究需要具体关注旅游生态补偿的区域和产权界定情景;③未来亦需关注国外生态补偿的经验借鉴。
The importance of eco-environment in tourism industry has been increasingly recognized.On one hand,eco-environment serves as a major attractiveness factor for tourist destinations,hence generates the important ecological capital for the growth of tourism economy.On the other hand,excessive tourist activities often impose negative impacts on eco-environment,e.g.,destruction of the environment,obstruction to the development of ecosystems,and depreciation of the overall ecosystem service value.Thus,tourism eco-compensation,as one of sensible approaches to utilization and conservation of ecosystems,has received a great deal of attention.Having reviewed the history of tourism eco-compensation research,this paper provides a systematic analysis of the four key scientific questions:(1) connotation of tourism eco-compensation(what is tourism eco-compensation?);(2) its stakeholders(who gets compensated,who pays for such compensation?);(3) its standards(based on what,how much is to be fairly compensated?);(4) its regulatory mechanism(including channels for financial transactions,fund distributions,and policy-making systems). In China,studying and practicing tourism eco-compensation derived from two main research themes: one is from the perspective of regional resource conservation,which makes researchers become aware of tourism eco-compensation through their studies on protecting/sustaining certain regions and tourist destinations.The second expands the use of eco-compensation concept from the consideration that eco-environment as a tourism resource manifests ecosystem service value,which leads to the research on eco-compensation for eco-environment of tourist destinations.This paper suggests understanding tourism eco-compensation from three aspects:(1) Targeted regions feature eco-environment with a variety of nature tourism resources mainly functioning as major attractions for tourism purposes.These natural tourist attractions include forest destinations,mountain destinations,urban natural heritage,agricultural heritage,etc.,with forest driving the most attention.(2) Tourism eco-compensation concerns the interests of the communities in tourist areas.Tourism development inevitably involves the participation of the communities in the areas and affects opportunity cost of local residents.Therefore,residents of the local communities are important stakeholders.(3) Eco-compensation is not only for destruction of eco-environment,but also for new environmental development and preservation of certain important ecosystems.Stakeholders of tourism eco-compensation are in three categories:(1) governmental stakeholders,including the central government,regional governments,and the administrative bodies at different levels governing the tourist regions;(2) market stakeholders,including individuals responsible for destruction of eco-environment,personnel involved in operation of tourism business,tourists(travelers) and corporations benefiting from tourism;(3) other stakeholders,including different types of environmental organizations,non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and related foundations.Eco-compensation is designed to make amends for the loss in eco-environment as well as for individuals.Tourism eco-compensation standards should be established with four considerations in mind:(1) compensation for ecosystem services value;(2) compensation for opportunity costs of local residents;(3) compensation or reward for developing tourism eco-environment within tourist destinations;(4) compensation or reward for developing eco-environment of the areas around the tourist destinations.Generally speaking,accounting methods of eco-compensation standards remain to be fully established. Finally,this paper presents an outlook of tourism eco-compensation research and proposes to focus on three key issues:(1) based on practical needs and current research,determining stakeholders and establishing an consensus in tourism eco-compensation standards are the two most pressing topics;(2) future research needs to focus more on determining boundaries and property rights of compensated tourist areas;(3) it is also necessary to learn from the practices of tourism eco-compensation in other countries.
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