文献类型：期刊文献

中文题名：玉米生产限制因素评估与技术优先序

英文题名：Assessment of Limiting Factors and Techniques Prioritization for Maize Production in China

作者：王崇桃[1];李少昆[2,3]

第一作者：王崇桃

机构：[1]北京联合大学商务学院;[2]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室;[3]新疆兵团绿洲生态农业重点实验室

第一机构：北京联合大学商务学院

年份：2010

卷号：43

期号：6

起止页码：1136-1146

中文期刊名：中国农业科学

外文期刊名：Scientia Agricultura Sinica

收录：CSTPCD;;Scopus;北大核心:【北大核心2008】；CSCD:【CSCD2011_2012】；

基金：国家"973"计划(2009CB118601);国家玉米产业技术体系;农业科技入户示范工程

语种：中文

中文关键词：玉米;生产能力;限制因素;评估;优先序

外文关键词：maize; production capacity; limiting factors; assessment; priority

摘要：【目的】明确中国玉米生产的主要限制因素和技术发展优先领域。【方法】采用参与式方法,对中国主产省和东北春玉米、黄淮海春、夏播玉米和西南山地玉米三大主产区生产限制因素进行评估,并基于限制因素影响程度、解决的可能性评估,建立玉米生产技术优先序。【结果】当前限制中国玉米产量潜力实现的主要因素:一是以耕作栽培管理粗放、施肥方法不科学、技术到位率低等为主的栽培管理技术问题,在不同生态区玉米产量损失占28.8%—57.7%;二是以干旱为主的自然逆境因素,产量损失占9.3%—35.1%;三是玉米品种遗传基础狭窄,品种"多、乱、杂"、缺乏高产稳产的区域主导品种,良种良法配套差以及种子质量问题,产量损失占11.4%—19.8%;四是水土流失、耕层浅、土壤瘠薄等土壤障碍因素,产量损失占4.8%—20.2%;五是病、虫、草、鼠等生物逆境危害,产量损失占4.5%—11.0%。【结论】加强"轻、简、化"栽培技术研究;选育耐密、抗逆、广适高产优质品种,并筛选确立区域主导品种;推进科技入户和玉米生产机械化,提高技术到位率是近期政府制定相关玉米生产政策时应考虑的重要领域。
[Objective] The aim of this paper was to identify the main limiting factors for realization of maize yield potential and propose the priorities in development of maize production techniques. [Method] The limiting factors to maize production in China including potential physical, biological, and institutional factors were summarized through participatory rural appraisal surveys in 13 maize production provinces and three major maize regions in China. Based on the evaluations of influence magnitude and possibility of solution, the priority list for techniques in maize production was obtained. [Result] The top first limiting factor was technical problem related to maize cultivation, such as poor tillage management, extensive cultivation, unfavorable fertilization, nonstandard field management during maize growth, and low rate for technique access, resulting in 28.8%-57.7% of yield loss in various maize regions. The second factor was natural stress, especially drought stress, which caused yield loss by 9.3%-35.1%. The third factor, responsible for 11.4%-19.8% of yield loss, was deficiency of staple cultivars for different eco-regions and the technique systems combined with corresponding cultivars. The seed quality was also involved in the third factor. The fourth factor was represented by soil problems, including serious soil erosion, shallow topsoil, and lean soil. Their influence on maize yield was estimated by 4.8%-20.2%. The last limiting factor was pest （disease, insect, rat, and weed, etc.） damage, which caused 4.5%-11.0% of yield loss. [Conclusion] Therefore, the technique priorities for policy-markers were suggested as labor-saving cultivation techniques; following by high-yielding cultivars with good quality and multiple resistances to bio- and abio-stresses, adaptation to high-density, as well as identification of staple cultivars in various maize regions; mechanization of maize production; and technique popularization in farmers and effect of the techniques used by farmers.